Clinical Symptoms And Testing of Monkeypox Disease

Although it is named after monkeys, the main hosts of monkeypox virus are rodents such as squirrels and rabbits. Humans can also be infected with monkeypox. The first human cases of monkeypox infection were confirmed in the 1970s, and it spread mainly in Africa until a monkeypox outbreak occurred in the United States in 2003. The reoccurrence of cases in many countries this time reflects that monkeypox may be expanding its geographical spread and increasing its ability to spread.

The clinical symptoms of monkeypox are very similar to those of common smallpox, usually milder and with more swollen lymph nodes. The incubation period of the disease is generally 12 days, and the average disease duration is 2-4 weeks.

Prodromal phase: usually 2-5 days, with fever, headache, myalgia, back pain, swollen lymph nodes, general malaise and fatigue, and occasionally abdominal pain or pharyngeal pain.

Rash phase: A smallpox-like rash appears all over the body. The rash is numerous and scattered, with a diameter of 1-4 mm. It usually occurs on the eyelids, face, trunk, limbs, palms, feet and genitals. It develops through maculopapular rash, water scars, pus scars, and knots. Scars then form.

Recovery period: The rash subsides and symptoms gradually improve.

Monkeypox virus antigen/antibody detection: 

The enzyme-linked immunoassay method can be used for both antigen and antibody detection.  Therefore, monkeypox virus cannot be accurately identified, and it is often used in epidemiological surveys. A 4-fold increase in antibodies in acute and convalescent serum can be used for the diagnosis of monkeypox virus infection. But it can only be used to assist in the diagnosis of the middle and late stages of the disease.

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